See Below For Notes
10/14/04
George Washington: The first to do many things. He set a precedent for how the country would be run.
Washington's Cabinet:
Secretary of State (foreign affairs) - Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury (money) - Alexander Hamiliton
Secretary of War (defense) - Henry Knox
Attorney General (legal issues) - Edmund Randolf
Vice President - John Adams
THE COUNTRIES BIGGEST PROBLEM - MONEY
The U.S. owed a lot of money from the previous government. It couldn't pay off its debts from war. Owed money to citizens and countries. The U.S. was a bad risk for a loan.
Alexander Hamilton was a strict money manager.
THREE GOALS TO HIS PLAN
1. Pay back the debt
2. Raise money so the government could carry on its business.
3. Give the country a sound currency and banking system. Make all money the same
Hamilton said if we didn't pay off our debts, no one would trust us. He wanted the wealthy to invest in the country.
Oppositions - The Federal government would take over the state's debts and then tax the states to pay it. Debt free states objected but Hamilton promised to build a new capital on the Potomac River in Virginia (Washington, D.C.)
WAYS HAMILTON RAISED MONEY
1. Printed government bonds
2. Tariffs - taxes on imports and exports
3. Excise taxes on goods made in U.S. (whiskey)
10/15/04
President appoints Supreme Court Justices
First Chief Justice - John Jay
Hamilton
Strong Federal government. Reduce States powers Favored wealthy bankers and businessmen People were naturally selfish, unreasonable, and violent. Cannot trust anyone Federalist
Jefferson
Small amount of Federal authority. People were naturally good, decent, and reasonable . Strong local and state government. Favored farmers and laborers. Republican
Washington gave two warnings in his farewell address. He warned against two party politics. He warned against permanent alliances in Europe.
THE WEST; Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio It was difficult to protect and defend the western territories without a military. Americans were having problems with the Native Americans who were being supplied guns by the British.
Anthony Wayne, "Mad Anthony" Battle of Fallen Timbers forced Native Americans to sign a treaty to give up Ohio and Indiana.
Jay Treaty - Britain and United States. Britain agreed to leave the Northwest Territory P. 251 - 252.
For homework: P. 252, 1c,d, and 5, P.257 1,3,5
10/18/04
Test on Wednesday, 10/20/04 Fill out the following and turn it in on test day and get an extra 10 points on your test.
cabinet Alexander Hamilton
inauguration Thomas Jefferson
precedent Henry Knox
Whiskey Rebellion Anthony Wayne
Strict Constructionist Compare Hamilton and Jefferson's views on economics, politics, & society
Loose Constructionist Washington's 2 warning in his farewell address
tariff 2 ways Hamilton proposed to raise money
Jay Treaty
Pinckney Treaty
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Notes:
WEST: Population was growing. Immigrants were coming to the U.S. People were becoming indentured servants in order to come to U.S. Country grew westward into Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Indiana.
Native Americans had problems with the new settlers. The English and Spanish were giving Indians weapons to attack American settlers. Washington sent 15,000 soldiers to Ohio. BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS was commanded by "Mad" Anthony Wayne.
Treaty of Greenville. Treaty with the Indians that gave the U.S. Ohio and Indiana.
John Jay went to England to settle problems with England. Jay was the fist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. JAY'S TREATY. England still had forts in N. America. England picked on American merchant ships. They were kidnapping American sailors and forcing them to work on British ships.
Spanish closed the port of New Orleans. Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain. Pinckney Treaty - Gave U.S. rights to New Orleans and Mississippi River and gave West Florida to the U.S.
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS: 1. Advised against permanent alliances with foreign powers. 2. Warned against a two political party system. The country must be unified.
10/21/04
Two Political Groups:
One followed Jefferson - Republicans
One followed Hamilton - Federalists
Federalists - Strong Federal government, small ruling class - wealthy, strongest in the Northeast, Lots of political ideas.
Republicans- Opposed Federalists, farmers, average man. Strongest in the south, Outnumbered Federalists, but not too active in politics.
1796 Presidential Election Year John Adams - chosen to run by Federalists Thomas Jefferson - chosen to run by Republicans
Adams was President, Jefferson was Vice President
1801 Jefferson President, Aaron Burr, Vice President, Washington was now the capital. Jefferson was the first President to serve in Washington D.C. in the White House.
Jefferson cut costs, helped the taxpayers, reduced the military, tried to undo Hamilton's financial plans. He later realized the Hamilton was right about many things and changed his views and beliefs.
10/25/04
HOW JEFFERSON CHANGED FROM A STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST TO A LOOSE CONSTRUCTIONIST
Between 1789 to 1801, over 2 million dollars was spent to protect ships off the Barbary Coast. Pirates would overtake U.S. ships. U.S. paid the pirates off rather than defend the ships with a strong navy. Jefferson decided not to pay. This started a 4 year war with Tripoli (Tripolitan War). The U.S. won. Jefferson decided we needed a strong army and navy.
1803 Jefferson changed his idea about the President and role of government.
Napoleon (France) was trying to take over Europe. He wanted the American lands given up to Spain. He took Louisiana and New Orleans back. Closed the port of New Orleans to everyone but the French. This hurt U.S. trade and economy.
Jefferson offered Napoleon 10 million dollars for New Orleans but Napoleon would not sell at first. Later after losing a battle and many soldiers, Napoleon needed money. He offered to sell all of Louisiana for 15 million dollars. Jefferson made a treaty with France to purchase Louisiana.
1. Build military 2. Double size of U.S. by making a treaty with France to buy Louisiana for 3 cents per acre.
Louisiana extended from north to south - Canadian border to Gulf of Mexico
Louisiana extended from east to west - from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
10/26/04
Jefferson became a Loose Constructionist because of the War with Tripoli and the Louisiana Purchase. He realized we needed a strong military to secure the nation's economy and security. JEFFERSON'S GOAL was to extend the nations boundaries from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. He needed to know what was in the Louisiana Purchase.
Indians - friendly or not
Land - fertile or desert
Wildlife - game or dangerous
climate - how do the seasons affect the area
Maps of landmarks, rivers, water sources
Jefferson appointed Lewis and Cark to head up an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. The expedition consisted of hunters, medical people, scientists, craftsmen... Jefferson gave them 3 goals: 1. Find a way through the Rocky Mountains, 2, Find the source of the rivers, 3. Record the customs of the Native Americans.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition took 2 years. Several men died from illness, conflicts, or exposure. It covered 8,000 miles. They went to the Pacific Ocean.
1805 Jefferson was at the height of his popularity. Aaron Burr (N.Y.) was his Vice President, but he resigned after his first year. George Clinton then became Vice President.
Burr then joined the Federalist party and then ran for governor of New York. He lost the election and blamed it on Alexander Hamilton because Hamilton would not support him. Burr demanded an apology from Hamilton. Hamilton would not apologize. To get satisfaction Burr and Hamilton had a duel with pistols. Burr shot and killed Hamilton. Later Burr wanted to set up his own nation in Louisiana. He was tried for treason, but because there wasn't enough evidence against him, he was exiled to Britain.
PROBLEMS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS
Indians were tired of giving up lands to white settlers. Indian weapons could not defeat modern weapons of whites. England an France would supply Indians with weapons.
TECUMSEH - Shawnee Indian educated with whites. Wanted to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi River to fight against whites. He wanted to form a CONFEDERATION.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON - Governor of the Northwest Territory - attacked Tecumseh at Tippecanoe Creek and defeated the Shawnees. Guns and weapons that belonged to the dead Indians were British. Americans were convinced that Britain was behind the Indian uprisings. This was the beginning of the war with England - War of 1812.
P. 275 2,3,4,5,6
10/27/-4
Outcome of the Battle at Tippecanoe Creek: Americans realized the British were supplying Indians with weapons ot attack American settlers.
America developed a modern navy. Some British sailors joined the American navy. British ships would attack American merchant ships and force the American sailors to work on British ships.
IMPRESSMENTS: Forced to work
1805 France and England go to war. Napoleon told all European nations not to buy British goods. He warned the U.S. not to buy British goods.
WAR HAWKS - Congressmen who wanted war with Britain because of impressment. John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay.
Jefferson didn't want to go to war. 1807 Embargo Act Congress forbids American ships to sail overseas. Didn't solve the problem. New England's economy was hurt (Federalists). They blamed Jefferson for their hardships.
1809 James Madison elected President (Republican). Lifted the Embargo Act and began trade with Britain and France. Impressment continued. War Hawks wanted war.
NATIONALISM - Pride in your country. Nationalism rises at a time of crisis.
P. 278 1c, 2, 5
10/28/04
Embargo Act - Kept U.s. ships form trading around the world. Hurt U.S. economy.
WHY WE WENT TO WAR WITH ENGLAND
1. England was giving weapons to the Indians
2. Nationalism
3. Too late to negotiate (talk)
THREE WAY INVASION OF CANADA
U. S. goes after British settlements in Canada. Detroit was taken by the British. Many in the Northeast did not support the war. The Canadian border suffered many casualties. The Canadian attempts failed for the U.S.
1813 U.S had a modern navy. Its ships were smaller and faster. Commodore Oliver Perry won the Battle of Lake Erie. "We have met the enemy and they are ours."
William Henry Harrison won the Battle of Thames Rivers. Tecumseh was killed.
Toronto was attacked by the Americans. Americans burned it to the ground.
1814 The British defeat Napoleon at Waterloo. British can now put full force against the U.S.
British established a base in Maine. Attacked towns along the east coast.
General Robert Ross at Chesapeake Bay attacked Washington, D.C. James Madison was eating dinner and had to leave. British came in and set fire to the Capitol, White House, and other buildings.
At Baltimore the British forces were stopped at Fort McHenry. An American named Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner as he was prisoner on a British ship off the coast.
11/8/04
Nationalism - pride in one's country.
Symbols of Nationalism: the flag, bald eagle, White House, Liberty Bell, Fourth of July
Heroes of the War of 1812: Andrew Jackson, Commodore Perry
ERA OF GOOD FEELING After War of 1812. High point for patriotism.
Federalist party became unpopular and eventually died out because they did not support the war effort.
1820 James Monroe (Republican) was re-elected President.
War of 1812 proved the country needed better means of transportation.
John C. Calhoun - proposed a bill in Congress to set aside money to build roads and canals - Taxes for Transportation
National Road or Cumberland Road - First road built by the U.S. government. Wide and graded, paved with crushed rocks.
Robert Fulton - build first successful steamboat
Erie Canal - Connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie - 363 miles long, 4 ft. deep, 40 ft. wide. New York City grew because of the Erie Canal.
Know the first five presidents and party: Washington, Adams (F), Jefferson (R), Madison (R), Monroe (R)
11/9/04
1823 Mexico and Central America declared independence from Spain. Mexico wanted a democracy. (People elect leaders in a democracy. Europe had monarchies and dictatorships. They did not want a democracy.
QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE: Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain Wanted to stop democracy, distrusted the U.S.
U.S. afraid the Quadruple Alliance would stop Mexican independence. Also, Turkey was trying to gain independence from Greece. There was a threat of a world war.
MONROE DOCTRINE
1. Hands off the Americas. Told the Quadruple Alliance to leave Mexico and Central America alone.
2. No new colonies in America. told Russia to stay out of the Americas (Alaska and Oregon areas)
3. Existing colonies are in o danger from the U.S.
4. U.S. will stay out of European affairs.
11/16/04
As the country grew, the extension of slavery was the most dangerous question of the time. In the early 1800's slavery was isolated in the South. The South needed slaves to work the large plantations. Wealthy people owned slaves. Slaves were very expensive. Slave owners were powerful because of their money and political power. Politicians wanted to pass laws that favored slave owners in order to keep their political power.
Politicians argued whether or not to allow slavery in the new states. Southern politicians wanted slavery to expand so their political power would expand. Northern politicians did not want slavery to expand. Their economy was based on manufacturing rather than trade. They wanted to expand their political power, too.
1819 there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. House of Representatives = 105 North, 81 South.
SECTIONALISM - Strong feelings for ones state or region rather than the nation. Sectionalism became more important than nationalism.
Henry Clay: The Great Compromiser wrote the Missouri Compromise. Maine wanted to break from Massachusetts. Missouri wanted to become a state. The Missouri Compromise would allow Maine to enter the U.S. as a free state and Missouri to enter as a slave state. No slavery would be allowed in new states north of the 36 degree, 30 minute latitude.
Most politicians avoided the issue of slavery as a moral issue.
11/17/04
Missouri Compromise
Equal votes in the Senate for and against slavery, 11 for, 11 against. In the House of Representatives there were 105 against, and 81 for slavery. As territories became states, the question of whether or not to allow slavery was debated. Politicians were afraid of losing power is states were either slave or free.
Henry Clay - Missouri Compromise: Missouri applied for statehood. Debated whether to be slave or free. Clay proposed to bring Maine in as a free state and Missouri to be a slave state. The 36 degree 30 minute line of latitude was the boundary for new states to allow slavery. North of the line - free, South of the line - slave.
P. 431 in text shows the Missouri Compromise
Talmadge Ammendment - Before the MIssouri Compromise, slavery was to be gradually abolished in Missouri.
Abolitionist - Someone who crusades against slavery. Wants it to end everywhaere
James Monroe - Last President of the Revolutinary War generation
1820's new leaders: Henry Clay, Kentucky Daniel Webster - New England, John c. Calhoun - S. Carolina, Andrew Jackson- Tennessee 1812 War Hero.
Read P. 324-328
11/18/04
1824 "FAVORITE SON ELECTION" 4 Republican candidates. Several sections of the country represented. A candidate needed 131 Electoral votes to win the election. No one got the majority. Election was disputed because Jackson had the popular vote.
Henry Clay - Kentucky (West) 37 Electoral Votes
William H. Crawford - Georgia (South) 41 Electoral Votes
John Quincy Adams - Massachusetts (New England) 84 Electoral Votes
Andrew Jackson - Tennessee (West) 99 Electoral Votes
CORRUPT BARGAIN - The House of Representatives had to choose from the top 3 candidates. Henry Clay, as Speaker of the House, urged the House to vote for J.Q. Adams. Adams won and then made Clay the Secretary of State. This appeared to be illegal, but it was constitutional.
Jackson and his supporters worked against Adams in his presidency. Jackson appealed to the common man for support and worked to block any legislation that Adams proposed.
ELECTION OF 1828 - MUDSLINGING ELECTION
Mudslinging is telling the bad things about an opponent rather than focusing on the issues of the campaign. In this campaign there were a lot of personal attacks. Jackson said Adams was corrupt and took bribes. Adams said Jackson was a headstrong barbarian and would get us into war or become a dictator.
Jackson vs Adams
Jackson wanted to carry the South and West. He focused on the South and chose a Vice President from South Carolina - John C. Calhoun.
Jackson - Democratic Republican Adams - National Republican (Whigs)
Jackson won the election. Called "OLD HICKORY" because he was tough. First President from an area west of the Apalacian Mountains. Invited everyone to the inauguration. "ERA OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY" 1828 - 1836.
Read 329 - 332 do questions 1,2,3,4
11/19/04
Andrew Jackson "Jacksonian Democracy" Hero of Battle of New Orleans 1815, Strong military commander, Old Hickory - nickname, Admired Thomas Jefferson, Served 2 terms, Recommended Martin Van Buren to succeed him as President.
Kitchen Cabinet - Unofficial advisors to the President from all over the country - bankers, farmers, businessmen.
Spoils System - Jackson gave government jobs to his supporters and fired others who worked for the previous President.
Jackson was not popular with the Native Americans. He hated Native Americans. He fought against the Creeks. 1830 Indian Removal Act - Removed all Indians to the Oklahoma Territory. 150,000 Cherokee Indians were forced to walk to Oklahoma. 4000 died. Trail of Tears.
11/30/04
NULLIFICATION CRISIS Nullification means to make invalid, stop, discontinue. The action of a state to prevent the enforcement of a Federal law. In 1832 there was an argument over whether the Federal government could force law onto a state. Who should have the most power, the Federal government or the State government?
John C. Calhoun, Vice President from South Carolina. In 1828 Congress raised tariffs on imports and exports to protect the industries in the northeast. They wanted Americans prices to be lower than imports so that consumers would buy American products and also not export goods overseas. Tariff was unpopular in the South. South Carolina voted for nullification of this law. South Carolina refused to pay the tariffs.
In 1832 Congress reduced the tariffs. South Carolina was still dissatisfied. The only way South Carolina would pay is by force of Federal troops. South Carolina threatens to secede from the United States.
Calhoun supported South Carolina. Jackson said the Federal government must be preserved. Calhoun resigns the Vice Presidency. Then he became a senator from South Carolina.
Jackson would not back down. He issued a proclamation to South Carolina stating nullification is treason. He sent U.S. troops into South Carolina to enforce the law.
Henry Clay writes the Compromise 1833. Over 10 years the tariff would be gradually abolished. South Carolina had to give up its nullification of Federal law.
Jackson didn't like the compromise. He accepted it to keep the peace, but warned that the Congress will deal with South Carolina again over state and Federal rights. 27 years later south Carolina left the Union.
12/2/04
In 1832 Jackson closed the Bank of the United States
In 1836 Jackson didn't run for President again. He chose martin van Buren to run for President. Van Buren was his Vice President during Jackson's second term.
The Whig party was formed to oppose Jackson and his policies. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were Whigs.
Henry Clay examined the 1828 election and wanted to use Jackson's campaign tactics to win in 1840. These tactics were : 1. Attack you opponents character - make him look bad, 2. Pick a Vice President from another section of the country, and 3. run a military hero for President.
LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN 1840 William Henry Harrison ran for President. His campaign made him out to be a man of the people and born in a log cabin. Actually he was a wealthy, educated man who lived in a mansion. Harrison was a military hero from the War of 1812. He picked John Tyler from the South as his Vice President. Harrison accused Van Buren of being a cheat and a "wine sipping cheater." The campaign slogan was "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" which means that Harrison was a hero in the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek in the War of 1812 and Tyler was his running mate. Harrison won the election, but became ill and died one month afterwards of pneumonia.
Tyler became the first Vice President to assume the role of President. Tyler wouldn't let Henry clay or Daniel Webster influence him. Both Clay and Webster resigned.
12/7/04
REFORM MOVEMENTS Reform means to change
Spirit of Reform: By the 1830's several movements started in the U.S. to change society for the better. Most early reformers were Northerners and educators.
Techniques of Democracy:
1. Select leadership, officers to organize the group and vote on issues
2. Hold conventions to inform the public and generate ideas.
ABOLITION MOVEMENT Organized movement to stop slavery. Started by religious groups in the North. Slavery increased as the cotton gin was invented. There was a greater demand for slave labor because of the increased cotton production. Cotton became the "king" crop of the south. By the 1830's there were 120 antislavery groups.
William Lloyd Garrison - abolitionist who edited the Liberator, a newspaper that wrote about the hardships of slavery.
Nat Turner Rebellion - Virginia - Nat Turner was a slave who felt God told him to revolt against his master. He killed slave owners and their families. Over 50 people were killed in his rebellion. This raised an anti group against abolition in the South. Southern states then made it illegal to distribute antislavery newspapers.
Frederick Douglass - Escaped slave who became the most famous speaker against slavery. Traveled around the country . Edited the newspaper North Star which wrote against slavery.
Harriet Tubman - Leading Conductor of the Underground Railroad. Assisted 300 slaves to freedom.
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Temperance means to abolish alcohol. Maine was the first state to prohibit the sale of alcohol.
WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT Custom discriminated against women. Women were thought to be physically and mentally inferior but morally superior. By 1850 all adult white males could vote, but women could not. Women who worked usually worked as teachers. It was believed that women's role in society was to raise the children and keep the home.
1848 Seneca Falls Convention Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Caddy Stanton were women's rights activists who organized this convention. Women got admission to professions and more educational opportunities. Gained the right to inherit property.
12/8/04
REFORM MOVEMENTS Reform means to change.
EDUCATION REFORM - Education at first was only for the rich people. Poor children had to work to earn a living. They learned what they could from their parents or the church. Massachusetts formed a colony wide school system and college. Harvard was the first college. In 1830 increased taxes for schools. Many didn't agree on being taxed to support a school system. The argument for taxes for school system was to produce an educated society. 1850 All states had made a start to begin a public school system. At one time, it was illegal to teach black children. Noah Webster - wrote the Blue Back Speller and the Webster Dictionary.
CULTURAL REFORM 1800 began to see American authors
Science - Samuel Morse invented the telegraph Dr. Crawford Long - Used ether to put patients to sleep for surgery. Eli Whitney - invented the cotton gin Dorothea Dix- improved care in mental health. She came up with hospitals for mentally ill patients.
LABOR REFORM to make better working conditions for safety, wages, and work hours. Labor unions were formed to help with labor laws. A Union is an organization formed by employees to try and improve conditions. Began child labor laws and worker's compensation laws.
CHAPTER 13
Manifest Destiny - Divine mission to take all of North America by force if necessary to make room for our own rapidly growing population. Expansion will endanger national unity. Southern politicians wanted new states to be slave states. Northern politicians wanted new states to be free. Manifest Destiny caused problems with Britain and Mexico.
Oregon Trail Territory 1843: Mormans were founded by Joseph Smith. They settled in Utah. Mormans believe they could have more than one wife. Joseph Smith and Brigham Young were their leaders. The moved to Utah for religious reasons.
Read 351-355 questions 2-6
12/9/04
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS Texas was owned by Mexico. In 1821 Mexico became independent of Spain. the U.S. wanted to buy Texas from Mexico. Mexico refused, but encouraged Americans to move there. They wanted tax dollars from new settlers and for the settlers to be a buffer between the Indians and Mexico. Thousands of Americans flooded into Texas. By 1835 there were 35,000 Americans living in Texas.
Mexico was a military dictatorship. Santa Ana was the leader of Mexico. He was called the "Napoleon of the West." CONFLICT BETWEEN MEXICO AND AMERICANS Americans weren't used to the Mexican government. Mexico did not guarantee the same rights as America. The U.s. government could not do anything to help the "Texicans". U.S. wanted Texas to be independent of Mexico first. Mexico tries to shut off American immigration. In 1836 Texas Proclaims Independence from Mexico.
Mexico tries to shut off American immigration, but more and more Americans still flooded into Texas.
Davy Crocket from Tennessee came to Texas to help fight for independence.
Sam Houston - Military leader of Texas. At San Antonio, the Alamo was where a the Texas army was to make a stand. Houston was trying to build an army further away. Before the Texan army arrived, the Mexican Army got to the Alamo. 5000 Mexican troops were against less than 200 Texans at the Alamo.
Santa Ana said "Take No Quarter" which means, take no prisoners. On February 1836, the Mexicans attack. After 13 days, the Mexicans win. Everyone in the Alamo was killed.
Texans were motivated to fight Mexico. "Remember the Alamo" was the war cry. Sam Houston surrounded the Mexican army at San Juacinto. The Mexican Army was defeated easily. Santa Ana was captured and forced to sign a treaty for Texas Independence.
Texas wanted to join the U.S. but was not admitted. Texas was an independent country for 9 years.
Sam Houston - First President of Texas. For the next 9 years, Texas wanted to join the U.S.
In 1845 Texas becomes a State. Mexico was mad and breaks relations with the U.S. Polk (President) sends troops to patrol the Rio Grande border and protect Americans there. Reports of Mexican troops attacking U.S. troops justified U.S. fighting back. May 1846 War was declared on Mexico.
12/10/04
Mexican War 1846
Presidential Election 1844: James K Polk vs Henry Clay
Polk was from Tennessee - "Young HIckory" The campaign played on the fact that he was from Tennessee like Jackson. "Darkhorse Candidate" Was in the Democratic Party and won by a slim margin. Wanted to settle the issues in the west such as the annexation of California and Oregon.
When Texas became part of the U.S. the boundary was really never settled. How far south, north, east, or west. Some disputes with the Mexican gov't over the southern border. Zachary Taylor was sent down to protect American settlers and military. Polk was very much for Manifest Destiny and declared war on Mexico May 1846.
Polk and Taylor organize a three way plan First Army (Taylor) crossed the Rio Grande and defeated Mexico in 2 major battles, Control of the border Second Army (Stephen Kearny) went to New Mexico and defeated them and took control Third Army (Scott) Mexico City, 10,000 troops put the city under seige.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico: Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico. Rio Grande was southern boundary of Texas, U.S. gave Mexico 15 million dollars.
1849 Gold Discovered in California
1848 Election: Cass vs Taylor Democrats supported Cass. His idea was called popular sovereignty which means let the people vote on slavery. Zackary Taylor was supported by the Whigs. He won the election in 1848. He died in 1850 and Vice President Fillmore became President.
Homework: P. 377 questions 1,2,4 P. 387 questions 2,4 P. 393 questions 4,5
12/13/04
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH
NORTH Industry and factories grew during the Industrial Revolution. Sewing Machine was invented by E. Howe in 1846. Lightweight Steel Plow - Deere - Increased food production. Mechanical Reaper increased speed of harvesting. Railroads grew and increased trade and shipping goods. Factory owners could ship good quickly and cheaply.
SOUTH Cotton Gin - Whitney - pulls seeds out of cotton. Needed more slaves due to increased cotton production.
Cotton Kingdom - South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi through Texas.
Cottonacracy - Large plantation owners with political power and wealth. Large plantation owners invested in slaves and land instead of factories.
LIFE IN THE SOUTH - Caste System - class system
1. Cottonacracy - wealthy planters with 25 or more slaves
2. 75% small farmers with 2 or less slaves
3. poor whites- didn't own the land they worked, did not have slaves
4. Fee African Americans - Mostly freed after Revolution or bought their freedom. In 1860 over 200,000 free blacks lived in the South. Very few in the deep south. They could not vote or travel
5. In 1860 1/3 of the South was enslaved African Americans. Most were field hands working 12 - 14 hours per day. On bigger plantations some had special skills. Few were allowed to learn to read and write.
SLAVE CODES Laws designed to keep slaves from running away. Couldn't gather in groups of 3, could not leave the plantation without a pass, couldn't own guns, couldn't learn to read or write. Slave marriages were not recognized. Families were often broken up and sold apart.
Tobacco and Rice were also grown in the south. The south had very few factories or steel mills.
Know these terms for the final
Federalist Industrial Revolution Era of Good Feelings Sectionalism Impressment nationalism
Republican Log Cabin Campaign Mudslinging Election Favorite Son Election
12/14/04
Federalist
Political party of Alexander Hamilton
Republican
Political party of T. Jefferson
Lewis
and Clark
explored the Louisiana Purchase
Aaron
Burr
killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Tecumseh
wanted to form a confederation of Indian tribes to fight white settlers
Francis
Scott Key
Wrote Star Spangled Banner during war of 1812
Impressment
kidnapping sailors and forcing them to work on British ships
Industrial
Revolution
machines take the place of hand tools, rise of factories
Era
of Good Feeling
After the war of 1812, high nationalism and pride in the country
Robert
Fulton
invented the steamboat
Sectionalism
Pride in ones state or section of the country
Nationalism
Pride in the country
Laissez
faire
leave alone, government will not bother business
Old
Hickory
Andrew Jackson
Turnpike
toll road
The
Favorite Son threw Mud at the Log Cabin
Favorite
Son Election
1824 J.Q. Adams
Mudslinging
Election
- 1828, Jackson
Log
Cabin Campaign
1840 Harrison Tyler]
Manifest
Destiny
divine mission to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Annex
to add on
Alamo
Spanish mission used as a fort to fight the Mexican Army
Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Treaty between Mexico & U.S. to end Mexican War
Cottonacracy
Wealthy planters who had more than 50 slaves, had political power
Slave
codes
laws that kept slaves from running away
Discrimination-
to no allow someone a right because of race
Reform
to change for the better
Famine
long drought when there is no food for a period of time
Seneca
Falls Convention
First womens rights convention
Abolition
End slavery
Techniques
of Democracy
voting for officers, debating issues, holding conventions
Temperance
Movement
End alcohol abuse
Harvard
first college in the U.S.